Educational Status of the Hill Kharias of Mayurbhanj District of Odisha in East India : A Psychological Analysis

Education in tribal societies has helped in maintenance of social structure and goal attainment for a sustained living. The Hill Kharias are the primitive tribal people of Mayurbhanj of the state of Odisha in Eastern India. The development of education of the Hill Kharia community/society of Mayurbhanj is the main aspect of the improvement of the primitive tribal communities of the state of Odisha. The Government of India issued directions vide the letter. No. 20018 5/81ITDA dated 27th April 1980 for the identification of Primitive Tribal Groups, keeping in view the facts that attention to certain tribal groups’ backwardness. In India Hill Kharia is one of the primitive tribal groups living mainly in the forest and hilly covered areas of the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha. Mentally, the people of Hill Kharia tribe of Mayurbhanj are very weak, because of lack of proper education, awareness, adequate foodstuffs, for which they are backward in present society. Odisha has possessed a distinct place in tribal history of India and it is the home of a number of different types of tribes. Different development programmes for education have been implemented through the different govt. or Non govt. agencies. On the basis of field study made by the earlier scholars including the present authors, the Hill Kharias are residing in the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha. The aim of this paper is to focus on educational status of the Hill Kharias of Mayurbhanj district of Odisha. Methodologically, both the primary and secondary sources have been used in the present article.


I.INTRODCTION
Education is the basic input for socioeconomic development of an individual and a key factor for determining the national progress. Generally, the traditional educational system was mostly the worldview of the tribal people. Modern education is being imposed on the tribal, which most often does not refer to the tribal culture to which they are acquainted with since generation is not properly accepted by them and thus in many cases , tribal take it negatively (ADIVASI, Volume-50, June& December,2010, p.131). Socially and educationally the Scheduled Tribes (ST's) are among the most disadvantaged groups in Odisha. In fact, Odisha was an educationally backward state of India till the advent of the planning in 1950-1951 AD. The level of literacy is low among weaker section of Indian society especially among the tribals. As per the 2001 Indian Census, the populace of the tribal communities of India is 8.27% of the total people. In India, there are as many as 689 Scheduled Tribes speaking in 105 languages along with 225 speaking supplementary languages (Mohanta, 2015, p.18). Odisha is regarded as the homeland of a number of different types of tribes. On the basis of field study made by the earlier scholars and the present principal author, the Hill Kharias are chiefly residing in the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha. Hill Kharia Sahu, 1967, p.2). In fact, Mayurbhanja is a tribal dominated district of Odisha and as many as 45

II. METHODOLOGY
The data collected from both the primary and secondary sources are critically analysed and used in the writing of the article. The primary data have been collected from Gazetteers, folk lore, folk tale, and unpublished thesis, the practical observation, public opinions, hearsay accounts through the interview methods during the period of experimental field survey by the principal author. The field study, personal interview, schedules and taking photographs are made by the present authors. The general field survey has been undertaken for the collection of data relating to the educational status of the Hill Kharias of Mayurbhanj district of Northern Odisha in India. The secondary data relating to the present article are Books, Magazines, Reviews, Journals, Periodicals, Proceedings, Records, Reports, and published and un published theses.

III. DISCUSSION AND RESULT ANALYSIS
Importance of education in India has been realized since time immemorial, particularly in vedic period. It is found that in mediaeval period tolls were established by the Brahmin for learning on the sacred aspect, philosophy, literature and science by Brahmin teachers. Another institutions like pathsala was for giving the elementary ISSN: 00333077 2917 www.psychologyandeducation.net knowledge to the lower caste community members (Mohanta,2015, p.22). During the British period, the government took initiatives in educational department of India. Therefore, Sanskrit schools and Madarasa were opened in few areas for producing court officials (Mohanta, 2015, p.22). Then introduced the English education in 1835 AD by advice of Lord Macaulay. At that time primary education was not compulsory. It was controlled by local bodies and neglected the tribal people in education (Mohanta, 2015, p.22). Therefore education of tribal was neglected before independence. The earliest efforts for tribal education were made by the foreign missionaries. Hunter commission report(1882) started that efforts of tribal education seems to be credible as most of the Christian tribes show very high literacy rate e.g. the mizos of Mizoram. In this report he also recommended for expansion of the primary education, during the pre-independence period British ruler adopted a strategy of seclusion and maintained status quo of tribes, on the whole to follow the policy of laissez fair (Mohanta, 2015, p.23). Initial efforts by the Indian were started around 1940. Similar efforts were made by some of the Indian voluntary organizations. The Government of India has made certain constitutional provision for the tribals. The article 45 is provided for free and compulsory education for children. Never the less, the article 46 is highly significant to the scheduled tribes as well as other poor sections of India (Mohanta, 2015, p.23). For spreading education among the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, a number of schemes of incentives have been started by central and states governments. These are free education, scholarship, residential / hostel facilities, Ashram schools, free books and stationary reservation of seats in learning institution in proportion to their population (Mohanta, 2015, p.24).
The Indian Education Commission Report (1964-66), which is commonly referred to as the Kothari Commission Report. Its Chairman D.S. Kothary has stated that "it is necessary to pay special attention to the education of the children from the backward classes, the scheduled tribes, de-notified communities and a few nomadic and semi-nomadic groups" (Shastry, 2010, p.13).The Commission on Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes had critically examined the various facets of tribal education and had provided certain cogent suggestions. The Kothari Commission endorsed the Dhebar Commission approach. The enrolment of Tribal children was much lower in Odisha. On the basis of Kothari Commission, the Tribal Girl's education was emphasized as she was at the rock of bottom of the educational spectrum (Shastry, 2010, p.14). The school calendar should be turned into to the tribal lifestyle. The development of secondary education was a major concern. The Ashram School system is found to be established by the Government of Odisha for developing education among the tribal children. The educational status of the Hill Kharias of Mayurbhanj is briefly discussed below.

Hill Kharias of Mayurbhanj
Before discussing the educational status of the Hill Kharias, at first we have to know their habitation areas. The Hill Kharias have their stronghold in the wildest parts in the Similipal hill range of Mayurbhanj Dsitrict, Odisha, and have spread further to the north in the hills of the Singbhum (Dhal-bhum Pargana) and Manbhum District of Chotanagpur scattered offshoots of this branch of the Hill Karias have strayed further to the east and north east into the adorning areas of the Midnapore and Bankura Districts of Bengal and south and south-west into the adjoining Odisha state feudatory state of Nilgiri on the south, and Mayurbhanj, Keojhar, Banai, Palhahara and Dhenkanal on the west and Southwest. Of the hill ranges which afford shelter to the Hill Kharias the Similipal range in Mayurbhanj rises to an elevation of from 2,013 to 3,823 feet. On the tops and slopes and at the feet of these Similipal hills and also on and about some smaller hill ranges of the Similipal Hill ranges. The Hill Kharias lead a hand-to-mouth existence by www.psychologyandeducation.net collecting jungle produces, by gathering edible herbs and daily fruits and digging out edible yams and tubers with their primitive digging-sticks and rude hoes called Khantas, and occasionally by hunting deer or some smaller game, Shifting agriculture by the wasteful process variously known as Dahi or Koman or Jhum, which they used to practise up till recently is no webbing mostly stopped by the state authorities in Mayurbhanj and a few other states and by the Zamindars in Britishi District. Some Hill Kharias families have recently been induced to come down from the hills and take to plough cultivation. And the climate in Mayurbhanj is more or less humid but in the state of feudatory states inhabited by the Hill Kharias it is dry. In Summer the heat in the lower levels is fairly intense, the temperature sometimes rising as high as 110' or more but in the higher ranges are fairly cold an invigorating on these hills. But the hill-tracts are more or less melodious, particularly in the rainy season and in autumn and in the earlier part of the cold weather.
In fact, the maximum dropout of children is found among the PTGs / PVTGs owing to their social. economic, cultural and ecological factors (Maharana and Nayak, 2017, p.500). In India 75 Particular Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) inhabit in various geographical regions and out of these 13 Particular Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) reside in Odisha. Especially, Mayurbhanj is a tribal dominated district where 53 tribes and 4 Particular Vulnerable Tribal Groups are inhabited. Out of these, Hill Kharias is one of the major PVTGs in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha. They are semi-migrant tribe and their sustainability completely relies on forest. Now-adays as they are not additionally getting timberland assets as they were getting prior. Still their monetary condition is poor right now. The empirical study has been done by the principal scholar / authors to focus on the educational system of the Hill Kharias of Mayurbhanj. Prior to the discussion of the educational status / system of the Hill Kharias, we have to know their languages used. The Hill Kharias individuals were/are communicating in their own Kharia language. The Hill Kharias chitchat with one another in different dialects and like Odia, Santali, Munda, Hindi, Ho and neighbor other tribals' language when they chatted with pariah they utilized different sorts of languages ( Dash,1999, p.11 ). Mayurbhanj Hill Kharias individuals for the most part communicating in possess language and Odia language and furthermore neiboughring innate dialects and so on ( Tudu, and Mohapatra, 2020, Vol. No. 7, Issue-7, p. 850).

Education of the Hill Kharias of Mayurbhanj
Education is the weapon to change the society. Education not just aides in working up person's character, character and insight yet in addition his beneficial limit and his capacity to play out a lot of work all the more productively ( Tudu, and Mohapatra, 2020, Vol. No. 7, Issue-7, p. 851). It additionally uncovers that in essential training the brews rate is higher than the females. This is on the grounds that, with the constrained asset they like to instruct just for their male kids. The Hill Kharias individuals rely upon the Government run instruction organization, They don't have legitimate garments to wear and furthermore incapable to hold up under the expense of school uniform, scratch pad, pen and pencils additionally authorizes many younger students' to drop tightening advanced education ( Tudu, and Mohapatra, 2020, Vol. No. 7, Issue-7, p. 851). Be that as it may, presently however the Government is without giving school outfits yet guardians can't bear the cost of other consumption once in a while charged by the School. Due to some reasons number of understudies drops out even at the essential level from instruction. In addition, after the beginning of adolescence, the customary and moderate guardians like to hold their little girls at home and organize marriage as opposed to sending them to class. Many Hill Kharias young ladies don't want go for advanced education since they study advanced learning educational plan is troublesome so this is smarter to remain at home to help family unit works ( www.psychologyandeducation.net Tudu, and Mohapatra, 2020, Vol. No. 7,Issue-7,p.851). Now-a-days Government of Odisha has taken so many developmental programmes for advancement of training among the Hill Kharias through Hill Kharias and Mankidia Development Agency office, Jashipur ( Bhowmick, 2013.,pp. 83-85).The School provides everything to the Hill Kharia children like dresses and other materials for their education. Now, the Hill Kharias are attentive to offernew education to their children. At present the Hill Khariasgirls are going to school for education and the boys also wanted to be more educated in that community (Tudu, and Mohapatra, 2020, Vol. No.7, Issue-7, p. 851). Because, the educated Hill Kharia girls and boys can get high status in their society. In some areas Anganbadi Centre are found to be provided with min-day meal for the below 5 years children (Banerjee,1982. p.69).

Educational Development of Hill Kharias of Mayurbhanj
The traditional institutions of education of tribals, particularly vulnerable tribal societies were of different kinds. Formal schools entered late in the tribal societies of India. The Constitution of India contains educational safeguards for Scheduled tribes. The schools were established to bring about changes in the life of the tribal people so that they could fit themselves into the modern society (ADIVASI, Volume-50, June & December, 2010, p.3) . The form and nature of education the subject of study the stud at teacher relationship and above all the role of the state and individuals in promoting the education. The work reveals that the educational system was based upon ancient theory of knowledge. Its special aim was to make a man efficient to attain salvation. Which were the basic needs of life one could attain all the above said objects only through the liquidation of three rains and performance of Hill Kharia tribe. Since our epigraphic records do not lay sown any direct reference to three fiats and the present scholar have tried to trace it out from the character eulogy of some eminent scholar and other personalities.
All societies depend primarily upon the socialization of their members, this, again, involves the conditioning of a society's members so that they absorb the norms, the knowledge, and the habits requisite to their acceptable adjustments within society. In the all societies development education coordination is to train its undeveloped generations of the tribal people (Tudu, and Mohapatra, 2020, Vol. No. 24, Issue-2, p.7213). The society's develop educational systems to train to its technology are transmitted through it. The young must be deliberately skilled for their mature rules to uphold the social order. The individual possesses no knowledge or understanding of values, standards or rules of his society at birth he must be taught them , Individuals themselves cannot easily survivor if they do not learn the way of adopting to the environment. They must be socialized, they must consciously and unconsciously adopt the ways of their societies. They must necessarily learn the ways of producing food, clothing, shelter or avoiding danger and illness, and of adjusting to the groups about them. There are no other ways to acquire them. Youth cannot learn well if they were left to chance. Every society, assumes that it will function more effectively if its members learn the techniques and the ideals and values that are essential for their welfare. Hence the Hill Kharia young must be presented into the culture, which he is working in their Society(Tudu, and Mohapatra, 2020, Vol. No. 24, Issue-2, p.7213). Education delivers sensible teaching programmes that help to teach values, customs and social skills will enable the specific to develop normally and to withstand the social system. Education is thus broadly speaking the social process by which, one person learns the things essential to fit him for the life cycle of his society (Senapati and Sahu , eds. ,1967,pp.363-364).
After independence several steps and educational schemes were taken up by the Union and State Governments for promoting education Under the scheme of Integrated Child Development Services (I.C.D.S.), government has also opened Anganwadi in Hill Kharias villages in Mayurbhanj district(Tudu, and Mohapatra, 2020, Vol. No. 24, Issue-2, p.7214). The government has appointed one Teacher and is helper. One supervisor has been appointed by the government to look after the Anganawadi , which come under I.C.D.S. Programmes. How to they will get help / opportunity for anything like health hygiene and pregnancy treatment or delivery. Everything are trying to provide for the Hill Kharias people by the HK &MDA or ICDS, or Govt. of Odisha ( Bhowmic, 2013, pp.84-90).

Hill Kharia Children in the Educational Complex
The tribal welfare Department provided some Ashrama /school hostels , but there is no provision for purchase of papers, books and other things meant for the student reading in these schools. Under the modified scheme, its coverage in the country includes as many as 54  Class-VI 42 -----42 7 Class-VII 32 -----32 8 Class-VIII 27 -----27 9 Class-IX 19 ------19 10 Class

Role of KISS for Educational Development of Hill Kharia Children
In fact, education reforms the process through which students can learn something. It is categorized under Primary or Elementary, Secondary and Higher, Post Higher Secondary. There are various phases attached to the term education take Formal, Non-formal , Vocational, Adult, etc. Indigenous education as somehow similar to the expression we use as tribal education (Mohapatra, 2020, Vol.7, Issue-6, p.330 and Patnaik, 2010, pp.104-105). On the basis of the National Policy on Education (NPE), emphasis has been giving on opening of Primary schools in tribal areas. Despite pragmatic policies of the government, the tribal children have been lagging behind the general children and reasons can be categorized as internal and external (Mohapatra, 2020, Vol.7, Issue-6, p.330 andPatnaik, 2010, pp.104-105). While the inner limitations refer to problems related to school system, contents, medium of instruction, pedagogy, academic supervision and teacher-student relation, the outer limitations are related to difficulties at points of program, planning, application and administration (Patnaik, 2010, pp.104-105). With this backdrop, education to be imparted to the tribal children appears to be stupendous task in Odisha with 62 tribes including 13(thirteen) Primitive Tribal Groups constituting almost 23% of the total population (Patnaik, 2010, pp.104-105). Really, the tribals of Odisha including Hill Kharias speak as many languages and dialects and it becomes difficult to teach them in their own dialects. In the practical field observation, it can be said that there is need for link language to teach the Hill Kharia children of Odisha.
With the different beneficiary objectives for the tribal children including the children of Hill Kharia community of Mayurbhanj, Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences (KISS), Bhubaneswar initiated with only 125 nos. of Tribal children in the year 1993, has now turned into the largest residential Institute of Asia for the tribal children (Patnaik, 2010, pp.104-105 2015-2016, p.22). In fact, KISS has many ambitious plans up to its sheaths. In this respect Professor Achyuta Samanta, the Honourable Founder of KISS is of the view that giving education to tribal children is like giving vision to a visuallyimpaired person. It is really an ideal view of a good philanthropist of the world.

IV. CONCLUSION
We can conclude from the above discussion that the Hill Kharias are the Primitive Tribal people of Mayurbhanj district of Odisha in Eastern India and their educational status is pitiable. The Hill Kharias of Mayurbhanj are backward and they were residing in the remote Hilly/ forest areas. After the Fifth Five year plan period, Government has implemented various plans and policy for the better living condition of Hill Kharias and their development of socioeconomic level. Both the Central and State Governments are providing special provision for the particular vulnerable people like special school for both girls and boys. Governments try to develop how these excluded population will be include in the main stream people and they will live in better conditions with developing their social, economic, education, culture, etc. In the past, Hill Kharias were not interested in education, for which the literacy rate was the lowest in comparison to other tribal communities of Mayurbhanj. On the basis of different Educational schemes of Central and State Governments, Anganwari centres, free residential school like Girls Educational Complex and Boys Educational Initially, the parents of Hill Kharia community were reluctant to send their children to nearby schools for their education, but due to awareness programmes made by the Government of India as well as Odisa , the mentality of Hill Kharia people are slightly changed. Similarly, children of the Hill Kharia community are also now interested in modern education. In spite of various steps taken by the Governments and NGOs, the literacy rate of Hill Kharia