“ANALYSING CORE THEMES AND CO-AUTHOR PATTERNS ON THE CONNECTION BETWEEN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND SOCIAL ENTERPRISES”

This study focuses on deriving key issues relating to social enterprises and intellectual property rights using text mining methods, and analysing the co-author patterns of researchers working in these fields. For this purpose, the Netminer program was used to analyse journal papers published by Springer Publishing. As a result of the analysis, the research topics relating to social enterprises and intellectual property rights were, by way of a theoretical framework, classified according to nine issues: the management model of social enterprises; social enterprises and NGOs; the supply chain of social enterprises; the impact of social enterprises; environmental changes in social enterprises; social entrepreneurship; social enterprise and education; the social enterprise ecosystem; and social enterprises and NGOs.. These nine key issues represent areas of great importance in terms of business activities that link social enterprises and intellectual property rights. Contrastingly, examination of the co-author patterns of authors discussing social enterprises and intellectual property rights suggests that those employing multi-disciplinary approaches should engage more actively in joint research activities. Though such authors have achieved notable results to date, their engaging more actively in joint research activities should enhance the success of policies linking social enterprises and intellectual property rights. Article Received: 18 October 2020, Revised: 3 November 2020, Accepted: 24 December 2020


INTRODUCTION
Today, social enterprise is an institution that a ddresses the weaknesses of the capitalist mark et economy, and academic studies exploring th is are being conducted in numerous countries.
In addition, public officials in charge of soci al enterprises have been expending a great de al of effort on the enactment and revision of various laws, and the incentives and support s ystems for spreading these laws. In particular, in developing countries which are receiving a id from developed countries, technology to pro duce and sell is needed to start up social ente rprises and to operate them sustainably: in oth er words, practical skills are required for starti ng a business. In order to solve the problems attendant on this, it is necessary actively to provide technology for starting a business usin g the social enterprise support system. The tec hnologies that are required for developing cou ntries with low development levels are those a ppropriate to the specific case, not high-tech o nes. Appropriate technologies, as they are call ed, are not very powerful in terms of technol ogy, but involve vital real-life skills. In order to provide such technology stably, it is necessary to utilize a great many intellectua l property rights, such as patents whose rights protection period has expired. For example, in a country that produces a lot of intellectual pr operty rights such as Korea, around 100,000 p atents are registered every year. As in many f oreign countries, patents can be used by anyo ne after twenty years' registration. In other w ords, then, the exclusive right of the patent o wner is extinguished. For example, a technolo gy registered as a patent in 2000 becomes a t echnology that anyone can use in 2020, twent y years later. Even technology registered in 2 000 in Korea can work in developing countrie s. This is because, for instance, in 2000, Kore a's per capita GDP was 1,400 dollars, while ISSN:00333077 5291 www.psychologyandeducation.net Vietnam's per capita GDP in 2020 was aroun d 2,500 dollars. In view of this logic, efforts to link intellectual property rights that can be used by anyone after a certain period of time of being registered in patent-developed countri es, including Korea, are of great importance ( Choi & Kim, 2018;Corbett & Fikkert, 2012;Cornish et al., 2010;Hurt & Schuman, 1996).
Against this background, this study examines, first, what issues are involved in linking socia l enterprises and intellectual property rights. S econd, following the assumption that strong ef forts to link social enterprises and intellectual property rights need to be made in academia, research trends to date are reviewed. Third, th e study analyses which researchers have work ed extensively on social enterprises and intelle ctual property rights, and what kind of pattern s their writing shows. These research objective s have numerous implications for strengthening the linkage of intellectual property rights wit h social enterprises in the future.

Research problem
A social enterprise is a company that provides a certain service to the socially underprivileg ed, employs numerous socially underprivileged workers, and at the same time strives to achi eve a social purpose rather than a profit purp ose. Since social enterprises are different from enterprises operating in the general market ec onomy, most countries provide a certain amou nt of support for them. These, for example, m ay include a plan whereby government pays t he labour costs of workers employed by socia l enterprises. In addition, the government or g overnment companies purchase goods or servic es produced by social enterprises, and they als o provide administrative and financial incentiv es. Government, then, provides support for social enterprises in various different ways (Mazzurc o & Jesiek, 2017). But in reality, the biggest problem facing social enterprises is the lack o f technology helping them to produce. In orde r to compensate for this, it is necessary for b oth central and local government to provide a ssistance. Appropriate technology can be a go od alternative means of doing this. In other w ords, if the intellectual property rights of deve loped countries are provided to the developing countries, and residents are supported to start social enterprises using these technologies, thi s can be a very good alternative means of im proving the lives of the citizens of developing countries (Hynes & Scott, 2013;. Nevertheless, very little research has been co nducted on social enterprises and intellectual p roperty rights (Polak & Warwick, 2013). As a consequence, when social enterprises and inte llectual property rights are linked and utilized it is impossible to grasp what is at issue, whi ch weakens the sustainability of social enterpri ses. In addition, given that efforts to link soci al enterprises and intellectual property rights s hould be further strengthened in the future, it is important to establish which researchers hav e been conducting research in this field, and what patterns have been shown when joint res earch has been conducted. Against this need f or problem recognition, this study has selected the following research questions:

Research design
In order to solve the above-mentioned researc h problem, this study analyses academic paper s published in 145 journals in the social scien ce field managed by Springer Publishing. Of t hese papers, only those that deal with social e nterprise and intellectual property rights in the same content are extracted and analysed. For keywords, we use social enterprise and intell ectual property. In other words, only papers c ontaining these terms are selected and analyse d. The analysis method chosen is text mining.
Since this enables keyword analysis and topi c analysis targeting of unstructured documents, it is the method best-suited to achieving the a i m o f t h i s s t u d y ( Blei, 2012;Markus, 2018;Son, 2005;Turner et al. ,2013). In this study, three research objectives were put forward, and a combination of wor d cloud analysis, in-degree centrality, co-autho r pattern analysis and topic analysis methods was used to achieve them.

Topic analysis
The papers dealing with intellectual property a nd social enterprise totalled 425. The keyword s included in these papers totalled 5,440 and t he number of authors 777. The 30 words that occurred most frequently are presented in Ta ble 1, in order of frequency. The word appear ing most frequently was business (326 occurre nces), followed by innovation (305 occurrences ). Table 1: Frequency of occurrence of keywords Figure 1 represents a word cloud analysis of t he words that appeared. The greater the frequ ency of occurrence of the word the larger its illustration will be, and the lower the frequenc y of occurrence of the word the smaller its ill ustration will be.  As a result of conducting thematic analysis us ing the words that appeared and the paper co ntaining the words, a total of ten topics were found. Figure 2 shows the results of this topi c analysis.

Figure 2 Results of topic analysis
The ten topics that appeared as a result of th e topic analysis will be explained individually.
First, the Topic 1 is made up entirely of pre positions, which have very little thematic mea ning. Thus Topic 1 can be safely ignored, an d so will be excluded from this study, and it was deleted here.. Figure 3 shows Topic 2. Topic 2 consists of knowledge, framework, process, theory, stakeho lder, science and design. This may be said to be the 'theoretical framework for social enterp rise' topic. As social enterprises develop, theor ies relating to them emerge and continue to s pread.  Figure 4 shows Topic 3. Topic 3 consists of innovation, enterprise, ecosystem, service, coun try, datum and technology. This topic may be said to concern the ecosystem of social enter prises. It highlights the fact that in order for social enterprises to develop sustainably, such an ecosystem must be established.            Figure 11 shows Topic 10. Topic 10 contains words such as sector, ONG, NGO, China an d food. This topic relates to the role of NGO s, etc., that are necessary for the functioning of social enterprises. Therefore, we can call T opic 10 a topic relating to 'social enterprises and NGOs'. Figure 11 Topic 10: Social enterprises and N GOs Figure 12 shows the results of a concentric ci rcle analysis of keywords relating to social en terprises and intellectual property rights. It ind icates that the words located at the centre of the concentric circles play an important role i n the network.  Figure 13 shows how important keywords acti ve in social enterprises and intellectual propert y networks are interrelated. This network is a simplified network, with features that show k ey relationships.

Figure 13 Simplified network
The results obtained from analysis of which w ords play an influential role in social enterpris es and intellectual property networks are show n in Table 2. The most influential keyword in the network is entrepreneur, followed by inn ovation. In other words, it may be said that e ntrepreneurs and innovation play an important role within social enterprises and intellectual p roperty networks. Table 2 Degree centrality of keywords

Co-author pattern analysis
The total number of authors of the 425 paper s is 777. As Table 3 indicates, Efrain Turban and Marian Eabrasu are the authors who hav e written the most papers relating to social en terprises and intellectual property rights.   Figure 15 shows the activity patterns for these authors. As it indicates, some active writing activities relating to social enterprises and inte llectual property rights come from co-author g roups, and some authors appear to be writing articles individually. Papers relating to social e nterprises and intellectual property rights chara cteristically span several disciplines by their n ature, and so it can be said that multi-discipli nary efforts are required. Nevertheless, the coauthor pattern appears to be rather basic, and so it can be said that more convergent and m ulti-disciplinary writing efforts are required.   Table 4 shows the influence of th ese authors. The higher the in-degree centralit y, the more influential authors are in the field of social enterprise and intellectual property. Table 4 Degree centrality of authors

CONCLUSIONS
In this study, papers published in 145 social s cience journals managed by the internationally renowned publishing company Springer were analysed using the text mining method. The ai m of the study was to analyse what keywords are found in these papers, and what topics th ese keywords form. In addition, in reviewing t he pattern displayed by co-authors of papers r elating to social enterprises and intellectual pr operty rights, we focused on drawing out the implications for research in this field in the f uture. As a result of the analysis, several such implications can be drawn.
First, the research topics relating to social ent www.psychologyandeducation.net erprises and intellectual property rights can be said to constitute policy issues. From this po int of view, the results of the analysis allowe d us to classify these topics according to nine issues. These are: the management model of social enterprises; social enterprises and NGOs ; the supply chain of social enterprises; the i mpact of social enterprises; environmental cha nges in social enterprises; social entrepreneurs hip; social enterprise and education; the social enterprise ecosystem; and social enterprises a nd NGOs. These nine key issues formed a the oretical framework for the research. They repr esent areas that should be of great interest fro m the point of view of conducting business a ctivities that link social enterprises and intellec tual property rights. On the other hand, exami nation of the co-author patterns of authors wri ting about social enterprises and intellectual pr operty rights suggests that those employing m ulti-disciplinary characteristics should conduct more active joint research activities. Although such authors have achieved notable results to date, their engaging more actively in joint res earch activities should enhance the success of policies linking social enterprises and intellectu al property rights.