Student Perceptions of Bullying

Students have faced or done unusual things one of which is the act of bullying. As individuals who are in the early adult group, students should already have a correct and precise understanding of bullying. However, there are still many bullying incidents that occur among students. This research is quantitative research with descriptive approach. The respondents were new students in the academic year 2020/2021 at one of the universities in Jakarta which has 513 students. The collection method uses Likert scale model which is distributed through google form. Data analysis was carried out using percentiles to describe the categories of perceptions that new students have of bullying. Based on hypothetical data (89,3%) and empirical (50,49%) indicates that the majority of new students have a neutral perceptions of bullying. That means the majority of new students give inconsistent assessments of aggressive behaviors repeated by individuals or groups against weak individuals. The next conclusion based on hypothetical data (0%) and empirical (28,65%) shows that there are still new students who have a bad perception of bullying or it can be interpreted that there are still students who are wrong in making judgment against bullying.


Introduction
Topic of bullying remains a topic that many people pay attention to. Bullying is inappropriate act performed verbally, physically and socially in the real world or cyberspace. Bullying has a bad effect for individuals where the individual feels uncomfortable, depressed and distress by a person or group (Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia, 2018). According to Sejiwa in Zakiyah, Humaedi, and Santoso (2017) bullying is a behavior with the use of power that aims to harm an individual or group in verbal, physical, or psychological which gives a negative impact for the survivors. During the Covid-19 Pandemic, bullying problems can occur in the educational environment, one of them is at the university level. Examples of bullying cases that occurred in the campus environment included in August 2019 in Ternate. At the PKKMB (Pengenalan Kehidupan Kampus Bagi Mahasiswa Baru) new students get inappropriate treatment. New students are required to follow senior orders to do activities such as climbing the stairs by squatting and drinking water mixed with saliva in relays (Arnani, 2020). Another case in PKKMB activities in September 2020, new student was shouted at by his senior for not using complete attributes. The case went viral because there was footage of the incident uploaded on social media (Faizal, 2020). A similar case occurred during orientation at one of the universities in Bengkulu in September 2020 (Ihsan, 2020). Bullying brings a lot of negative impact to the survivors where the loss is not only physical but also psychological. In some cases of extreme bullying, it can cause or lead to loss of life. According to Hilda in Anesty (2009) bullying is not only affect the survivors but also the perpetrators, someone who sees directly and the social environment that affects the quality of a group. The impact on survivors can cause feelings of anxiety and fear that will affect the concentration of learning process on campus. If bullying continues it can result in low self-esteem, feelings of worthlessness, and withdrawal from the social environment (Rigby, 2005). While the impact for someone who commits bullying according to Sanders in Anesty (2009) is that the perpetrator has a high confidence and self-esteem, tends to show an aggressive attitude that approves of violence, stubborn, emotional, unable to control or manage low stress. These bullying individuals basically have a need to master the environment and lack empathy for the survivors. Through bullying, perpetrators realize that they have power over others and the environment. Bullying without the help of other parties will lead to the emergence of other violent and criminal acts. Another impact of bullying on bystanders suggests that bullying behaviour is generally justified. In such situation, Bullying is an act that is not reasonable for anyone, including students. Bullying when is not handled properly will leads to negative behavior in the future. Negative behavior that might appear is violence. Violent behavior carried out against family, children, spouses or co-workers. Other negative behavior that might appear is being involved in a criminal group. Based on the results of the initial study to 551 new students in the academic year 2020/2021 at one of the University in Jakarta, it is known that 90% of students understand about the meaning of bullying. However, cases of bullying are still common among the students, as previously described. Therefore, researchers consider that it is very important to know how new student perceptions of bullying. An individual's view of something in the concept of psychology is referred to as perception. Slameto (2010) states that perception as a related process to the receipt of messages or information into a person's brain. Through the exposure above, researchers are interested describing in depth how new students perceive bullying.

Perception Meaning
In the dictionary of Psychology, perception is interpreted as a way of working, products and actions resulting from energy patterns that hit sensory organs, where the process, product, or action raises awareness of objects with different reaction capacities to the object (Matsumoto, 2009). According Walgito (2010) perception is the act of organizing, interpreting, a stimulus received by the senses that results something meaningful, and is a complete response in the individual. A similar opinion was conveyed by McMahon in Sumanto (2014) which defines perception as a method of interpretation of incoming stimuli with an information receiving tool or called sensory information. While James in Slameto (2014) conveys perception as the absorption of data received from the environment by our senses, and the rest is received from memory processing that has been attached and then re-managed based on the life experiences. Sumanto (2014) concluded that perception is a way of understanding information from stimulus. Stimulus is obtained from a sense related to a symptom, event and object which is then processed by the brain. Based on these various definitions it can be synthesized that perception is a way of working that begins with the reception of stimuli through sensing and forming responses and assessments based on an impression, thought and knowledge.

Perceptual Aspects
There are 3 (three) aspects that affect perception according to Walgito  Based on the aspects of perception that have been described can be synthesized that the entire realm of psychology that is cognitive, affective and conative becomes a benchmark in the individual to perceive something.

Factors Affecting Perception
According to Huffman (2010) there are 3 (three) factors that affect the selection of perception: a. Selective Attention Selective attention means filtering and paying attention to important sensory messages. In almost every situation, there is excessive sensory information, but the brain manages to sort out the important messages and discard the rest. For example, when someone is seriously reading a book in room they might ignore the sounds around them. b. Feature Detectors The second factor in the selection is the presence of special neurons in the brain called feature detectors that only respond to certain sensory information. c. Habituation Another physiological factor that is important in selecting only certain sensory data is habituation. The brain seems to be "prepared" to pay more attention to environmental changes than constant constant stimuli. A person tends to quickly get used (or underrespond) to predictable and unchanging stimuli. Walgito (2010) argues that there are three factors that affect an individual's view or perception: a. Interpreted Objects Objects are stimuli received by human sensing. Objects as stimulus are present from outside as well as within the individual concerned regarding receptors.

b. Senses and Nerve Centers
The senses are a means of receiving stimulus, while the sensory nerve as a means of conveying the stimulus that the nerve center then receives or it called the brain. c. Attention Perception requires the presence of someone's attention, which is the first step to forming a perception. When an individual is able to focus his attention on objects or stimuli, it will be easier for someone to compile a complete perception. Based on these explanations can be synthesized that the factors that influence perception are the environment, physiology and psychological.

Students and Bullying
Wardani and Fajriansyah (2017) stated that bullying is a familiar behavior for students, because this behavior is still common in the educational environment including at the college level. Hulukati and Djibran (2018) in their research described that the age of students in general is in the age range of 18-25 years. Based on that range, students are grouped into early age groups which means they are able to think, act and also have a responsible for their behavior which if they break the rule, they will have certain criminal consequences (Simbolon, 2012). However, in reality there are still students involved as perpetrators of bullying. It is because the transition of adolescence to adults, students often try a variety of new things that are positive or negative (Wardani and Fajriansyah, 2017). Meanwhile, Putri and Silalahi (2017) in their research stated that students become perpetrators of bullying because they have difficulty to build friendships, difficult to control emotions, having a behavior problems and lack of academic performance.
Bullying behavior in universities based on Simbolon research (2012) generally occurs during the orientation period of campus introduction or (PKKMB). In fact, bullying does not only occur during the PKKMB period, but also common on campus dormitories or in the locations with minimal supervision from campus parties. However, in the pandemic situation bullying still occurs even though PKKMB activities are carried out online, like bullying cases that has been described in introduction chapter. According to Wardani and Fajriansyah (2017) students who become perpetrators of bullying consist of two characteristics, students who commit acts of bullying consciously and students who do not realize that their behavior is an act of bullying.

Student Perception of Bullying
Students in general can be grouped into early age group. At that age, students are considered mature and responsible for their behavior and there are consequences if the student commits negative behavior.
In daily life, students are faced with many common good things such as group work, socializing, and so on. On the other hand, students have also faced uncommon things, which is bullying.
As individuals in the early group of age, students should already have a correct and proper understanding of bullying. However, there are still many bullying cases that occur among the students. Therefore, researchers is interested to study further how students perception of bullying. Student views categorized as perceptions in psychological constructs. Based on the definition of perception and bullying, researchers concluded that students' perception of bullying is an assessment process as a result of sensory sensing of repeated aggressive behavior by students as individuals or groups towards weaker individuals.

Methods
This research uses quantitative descriptive design. According to Arikunto in Putra (2015:73) descriptive quantitative is a research method that aims to see and describe with numbers about the object being studied. This is in line with the purpose of this study which is to find out how new students perceive bullying. This study uses data in the form of numbers which are then processed using statistics, after that the results will be explained through a description of the conclusions compiled based on statistical analysis.

Methodology
The research began in August 2020 and was completed in December 2020, while the research site is one of the universities in Jakarta. After the data was collected, researchers analyzed the research data.

Data Analysis
The analytical method used in this study is percentile. According to Pratikno, Prastiwi, dan Rahmawati (2020) percentile is a number of data divider that has been sorted from the smallest to the largest number, into 100 equal sub-groups. Meanwhile, according to Periantalo (2017) percentile is the relative position of the score along with the score below it in a frequency distribution. The use of percentile methods is useful to describe the categories of perceptions that new students have towards bullying. The process of creating categories in the analysis of research data is hypothetical and empirical.

Results
Hypothetical categorization use percentile 25 and percentile 75. Percentile 25 and percentile 75 hypothetically referred to the percentage results obtained based on the total score obtained from the scale that has been compiled. Categorization is done by multiplying the highest score of 4 and the lowest score of 1 with the number of items on the instrument, with the following details: Highest Score: 18 item x 4 = 72 Lowest Score: 18 item x 1 = 18 After finding the highest and lowest scores, then next is to determine the 25 percentile and the 75 percentile for categorization. The following are More details of these results can be graphically presented in the following bar chart:  In table 2 and figure 1 can be seen the results of hypothetical categorization that respondents' perception of bullying belongs to the neutral category of 458 respondents with a percentage of 89.3%, while in the good category there are 55 respondents with a percentage of 10.7% and 0 respondents who have a bad category with a percentage of 0%. In table 3 can be formed categorization as follows:  If the total answers of respondents are ≤49, then it is in the bad category.  If the total answers of respondents between percentile 25 and percentile 75 then it is neutral.  If the total answers of respondents are ≥56, then it is in the good category.
After finding the highest and lowest values, then next is to determine the 25 percentile and the 75 percentile for categorization. Here are the results of percentile 25 and percentile 75 that have been processed through SPSS version 24.0. More details of these results can be graphically presented in the following bar chart: www.psychologyandeducation.net

Discussions
This research was conducted to find out and describe how the perceptions of new students in the academic year 2020/2021 at a university in Jakarta against bullying. After conducting hypothetical analysis, the results were obtained that as many as 458 respondents had a neutral perception of bullying with a percentage of 89.3%, while as many as 55 respondents with a percentage of 10.7% had a good perception of bullying, and no student had a bad perception of bullying. It can be concluded based on hypothetical data that the majority of new students have a neutral perception of bullying. In addition to analysis using hypothetical categories, analysis is also carried out using empirical data.  Hulukati and Djibran (2018) in their research that students in general age between 18-25 years old, and according to Simbolon (2012) students are able to take responsibility for their behavior, which if they violate the rule of law, they will get certain criminal consequences. It is because students consider of bullying behavior to be common thing and students are also still in the period of searching for identity so that they are often unable to determine their attitude correctly (Wardani & Fajriansyah, 2017). The next factor influencing new students to give a neutral assessment of bullying caused by the students' unconsciousness towards their behavior which turns out to be a category of bullying behavior. It is because bullying is considered as a common behavior in the student environment. When bullying behavior is repeated and becomes a habit will be considered as normal thing to do, so that if it is allowed, it will create a generation www.psychologyandeducation.net that justifies the wrong thing (Wardani & Fajriansyah, 2017). Based on empirical analysis results found that there are students who have a bad perception of bullying means that the new student gives an incorrect assessment of aggressive behavior carried out repeatedly by individuals or groups against weak individuals. Bad judgment indicates that students are misassessing bullying. This is due to several influencing factors such as those presented by Verlinden in Sufriani & Purnamasari (2017); and Gerald in Fitri (2018) that the factors that influence a person to commit bullying, individual or personal, biological, family, peer, school and environment and media factors. However, this argument needs to be proven through further research.

Conclusion
Through the explanation above, researchers can conclude that based on hypothetical data with a percentage of 89.3% and empirical with a percentage of 50.49% indicates that the majority of new students in the academic year 2020/2021 at one of the universities in Jakarta have a neutral perception of bullying. This means that the majority of new students give inconsistent assessments of aggressive behaviors repeated by individuals or groups against weak individuals. Subsequent conclusions based on hypothetical data with a percentage of 0% and empirical of 28.65% shows that there are still new students who have a bad perception of bullying or can be interpreted that there are still students who are wrong in preparing an assessment of bullying.

Limitations and Future Studies
Based on the results of the research can be given advice for several parties. For students it is necessary to expand the perspective of bullying to build a proper perception of bullying. This can be done through bullying-related literacy and following briefings related to bullying. The next suggestion for stakeholders at the university is to develop a program that aims to educate many parties about bullying. Programs can take the form of policies, seminars, workshops, or discussions of bullying in lectures. Next suggestion for the Ministry of Education and Culture is that as a government institution that houses universities, the Ministry of Education and Culture needs to make a policy that requires each university to incorporate bullying material into the curriculum.