Discourse in Indonesian Newspaper Reports: A Case Study of Indonesian President Election Campaign from 2014 to 2019

Today’s political realities of media are alignments. There is no political contestation that does not involve the media. There was a radical change in media institutions from watchdog to involved in power struggles. This is where the media becomes political actors. Media involvement in political contestation is realized by constructing news that benefits certain political parties or candidates. Then the news presented to the public will build discourse that benefits certain parties and candidates. Media alignments with certain candidates can be seen in the 2014 and 2019 presidential election campaigns. Amid in the political interests of the contestants, journalism as the main product of the media is challenged to remain in principle and the journalistic code of ethics. The focus of this research is the headlines news, including photographs in Kompas newspaper, Koran Sindo newspaper, and Media Indonesia newspaper, the 8th and 14th editions of April 2019. With a qualitative approach and using critical language analysis research methods of Roger Fowler et al, this study found. First, the news in Kompas newspaper, Koran Sindo newspaper, and Media Indonesia newspaper in the 2014 and 2019 presidential election campaigns took sides politically, either openly or secretly. Second, the reader must change the perspective of media reality today. The alignment of media politics with certain candidates is a necessity. The two findings have implications for the third finding, there must be a change in the journalistic code of ethics which now seems out of date.


INTRODUCTION
News in a newspaper is not just a series of facts arranged into a sentence. It is also a representation of the thoughts and attitudes of journalists.
All cultural backgrounds, relationships, and journalist education influence how facts are constructed. The style of presentation, searching, finding, and constructing facts, journalists have been constructed with a variety of things that are not neutral and independent (Brooersma, 2010). Journalists are not robots who are not affected by the environment. In the personal sphere, he builds on the basis of education, experience, knowledge, and values. Therefore, every news is contained bias. This condition is very difficult to avoid. The news is not in a vacuum. He is always in a social context and in certain struggles. It is normal if the news is always in a situation and partisanship. (Iskandar, 2015).
Many considerations of an event become news in the media, among others, politics, economy, culture, ideology, business, and so on. Ideological considerations occur because of the owner's factors or the values they live. Political considerations depart from the fact that the press is inseparable from political life (Ologunju and Ajadi, 2014). Moreover, the press is referred to as the fourth estate of democracy. While business interests are related to income from advertising. These three considerations also affect the news perspective. This is where the editorial policy determines the direction of the news. There is no completely objective news. He always interfered with the thoughts and attitudes of journalists and editorial staff. Today's media owners are large conglomerates, political rulers and vested interests.
When newspaper news is presented to the public sphere, it will become a discourse. Discourse is a unified whole between text, context, and social practice (Routsalainen and Villi, 2018). Discourse is a way of producing social knowledge and practices, forms of ISSN: 00333077 4607 www.psychologyandeducation.net subjectivity that are formed from it, the power relations behind such social knowledge and practices and the interrelations between them (Piliang, 2011).
Discourse according to Hamad (2010) has two meanings. First, a discourse (with a small d) that looks at how language is used in its place to act out the linguistic aspect. Second, Discourse (with large D) which arranges elements of discourse (with small d) together with nonlinguistic elements to act out activities, views, and identities. Some forms of non-language include ideology, economics, politics, culture, and so on. In politics, discourse analysis is the practice of using language, especially political language (Baider, 2014). There are two forms of discourse. Namely, as a series of interrelated sentences. He connects propositions so that they form a unified structure so that there is harmony between the sentences. Second, discourse as the highest and most comprehensive language unit.
Historically Foucault (1979) became the initial drafter of the term discourse. The term discourse does not stand alone. He is related to Foucault's other distinctive terms such as episteme, archeology, and genealogy. From this came the theory of the relation of knowledge and power or power and knowledge. Power works through language.
Discourse is the entire conceptual area in which knowledge is constructed and produced. Discourse in this context is the whole field or domain in which language is used in certain ways. Broadly speaking, the Foucault version of discourse can be understood as everything that is written, everything that is communicated using certain rules and signs, especially signs of language. Because language is the only tool to understand the reality of the world. . In Foucault's understanding, language is a system of thought; system of ideas that are interconnected with one another that gives us knowledge .
The role of the media in politics today has changed greatly. Media is not only a social and economic/business institution. Now, the media as an institution has become a political actor. This means that political actors are not only politicians, activists and professionals. So the media is not a neutral domain where various interests and meanings of various groups will receive equal treatment. Media is a subject that constructs reality based on its interpretation and definition to be distributed to the public, including in political affairs.
Journalism is closely related to all fields of life, including politics, as appointed by Brian McNair (2000), Gans (2003), McQuail (2013). In every political contestation, journalism must be involved in it. All aspects of politics are the subject of the news. Here comes the terminology of political journalism (Nete Norgaard Kristensen, 2015).
Especially on the presidential election campaign in the media using critical discourse analysis, several studies that have been conducted such as Mohammed Ademilokun in Nigeria This research was conducted on the Indonesian presidential election campaign in 2014 and 2019. With various perspectives, interests, and missions, the media reported the political event in Indonesia. Initial findings show that all media are actively involved in supporting a particular presidential candidate.
In the 2014 presidential election, Media Indonesia newspaper was on the side of Joko Whereas Kompas newspaper alignments with Joko Widodo-Jusuf Kalla (2014) and Joko Widodo-Maruf Amin (2019) are due to ideological similarities with the bearers, especially with PDIP -rooted in the PDI -which was a fusion of political parties from national and Christian circles in 1972. Historically Kompas newspaper was founded by people from the Indonesian Catholic Party background (Frans Seda, PK Ojong, and Jacob Oetama). (Iskandar at al, 2017)

RESEARCH METHOD
The research approach used is qualitative. The qualitative approach departs from the basic assumption that humans as free, independent, and creative beings can create their reality. Yin (2011) states that one of the unique characteristics of qualitative research is the focus on the meaning of life that is under the surface or not visible, as a representation of people's views or perspectives. Qualitative research is to gain an understanding of reality through inductive thinking processes.
In addition to the constructivist paradigm, a qualitative paradigm develops critically. This model is a criticism of the constructivist paradigm which views reality as made by humans "innocently." Hence the basic assumption of the mythical paradigm is "suspicion" of all reality; there is pseudo-reality. The critical paradigm views all reality as being formed by humans who have certain interests, especially power. Therefore all reality has a certain ideology (Burak, 2018). Ideology, said Fairclough (1995) is the meaning that serves power.
Thus, the paradigm in this study is suspicion of the text. The suspicion is that the media texts studied contain a certain ideology; interests. In practice, media texts according to the critical paradigm must be dismantled to find the original meaning by one of them, interrogating text (Ramanathan and Hoon, 2015). The critical paradigm for media texts aims to dismantle the hidden intentions in one story. The critical paradigm does not merely see the text as an object of language study. He is seen as a tool and practice of power.
One of the research methods in the critical paradigm is the critical language analysis method of Fowler et al (1979). This method divides discourse into four categories. First, classification is related to the analysis of words, sentences, and terms used by Kompas newspaper, Koran Sindo newspaper, and Media Indonesia newspaper in shaping the construction of the 2019 presidential election campaign discourse. Second, perspective. This category is used to see Kompas newspaper, Koran Sindo newspaper, and Media Indonesia newspaper perspective in shaping the discourse of the 2019 presidential election campaign. Third, the discourse battle. The third category wants to see the discourse battle in the news that is published in the Kompas newspaper, Koran Sindo newspaper, and Media Indonesia newspaper. Fourth, domination or marginalization. This section aims to look at those who dominate and those who are marginalized in the news text Data and facts are presented as-is. Kompas tries to be neutral and balanced with two partners. No discourse that is highlighted by the two candidates for president-vice president. No pressures and controversial or prominent information.  According to Hamad (2004), there are three strategies and styles of Kompas newspaper in peeling something sensitive. First, the middle road model; suing indirectly; criticize but delivered politely, impressed in circles and obscuring the message to be conveyed. Second, the heaven wind model; in peeling Kompas newspaper not suing or questioning certain things; but more than an appeal and hope. Third, the guard dog model, which is open and uses a bolder one. In political news, according to Ibn Hamad, Kompas newspaper writes more safely.
In the context of reporting, Kompas newspaper prioritizes the company's sustainability rather than overseeing power. In other languages, the economic factor of business is number two, whereas overseeing power is the umpteenth number and can be done in various ways. Naturally, if Kompas newspaper did not want to be confrontational, blindly, and firm in attitude.
The attitude of Kompas newspaper in the current news is a manifestation of the attitude and will of Jakob Oetama (along with six other editors) to sign an apology letter to President Soeharto when he was banned in 1978. This apology is a guarantee for Kompas newspaper to be published again,    (Saddhono, 2015;2020). Meanwhile, Koran Sindo newspaper followed Kompas newspaper's flowing style while still paying attention to readers as their market. Media construction is a reflection of the dominant culture, therefore the media defines and offers a reality that suits their interests in various versions and arguments. (Curran, 2002) News in Koran Sindo newspaper and Media Indonesia newspaper shows that the media is an extension of individual interests and personifications. Surya Paloh and Hary Tanoesoedibjo as the owners of Media Indonesia newspaper and Koran Sindo newspaper used their media to vent their political desires by ignoring journalistic principles, elements, and ethics. Through their media, both of them campaigned vulgarly for Jokowi-Ma'ruf Amin. Political interest or political alignments has proven to be a separate social problem. The public interest was ignored by Surya Paloh and Hary Tanoesoedibjo because it was occupied by the interests of both political parties. (Nasdem party and Perindo party).

b. Koran Sindo newspaper dan Media Indonesia newspaper
In this context, Media Indonesia newspaper and Koran Sindo newspaper have violated the independent principles stated in the Journalistic Code of Ethics. The principle of independence in the work of Indonesian journalists is contained in Article 1 of the Journalistic Code of Ethics. Indonesian journalists are independent, produce news that is accurate, balanced, and have no bad intentions.
This article is then explained in its interpretation. Independent means reporting events or facts following the voice of conscience without interference, coercion, intervention from other parties including the owner of the press company. Independent media are detached from political power and economic interests and represent public interests. (Bennet and Strange (ed). 2015), (Beers, 2006)   Meanwhile, Denis Mcquail, (2013) argues, journalistic truth criteria can be viewed from two aspects, content quality, and author quality or behavior. First, quality includes accuracy, reliability, looking right, balanced, completeness, and relevance. While from the aspect of the quality of the writer, it can be seen from the perspective of integrity, authenticity, personal truth, courage, and transparency. Second, the issue of media neutrality and independence. Independent does not mean as you wish. The media should fulfill strict journalistic principles. The most important principle is to preach the right and balanced thing in providing space and time opportunities for each party that is considered interested in the news. The objectivity of much political news sued is not related to people, but the method of data collection. Humans can not be separated from bias. Therefore, he must be disciplined in the verification of data and facts. From here the news will approach the truth as the aim of journalism itself. (Kovach and Rosentiels (2007). Truth is the basic value of journalism. The most important thing about journalism is to be accurate and offer reliable data and have a sincere intention (Lazaroiu, 2012).
On the other hand, many journalism experts consider that there are three fundamental problems in journalism. Neutrality, independence, and balance. Another problem is independence and truth which are the main objectives of journalism itself (Shojaei et al, 2013). So the objectivity of data and facts in the field becomes the most crucial in presenting news. (Jauhari, ed, 2012). The problem becomes more complicated if the facts and data come into contact with the political world. Lots of interests, hidden agendas, and dirty hands playing. Naturally in the news, political journalism is often associated with advertising, campaigns, propaganda, or agitation. The biggest influences are political actors, advertisements, and media owners who are involved in political content. (Iskandar, 2020) Independence is the most important pillar of journalism. When independence is lost, the report becomes biased. Media independence is lost when it becomes a subsidiary or in media conglomerate Iggers (1999). Ownership of media companies spreads and systematically biases the news. Hence independence is independent of political power, economic interests, and represents the interests of the public (Bennet and Strange (ed). 2015).