Psychology and Education Journal http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae <h2><strong>PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (ISSN: 1553-6939)<br /></strong></h2> <div class="row" style="border: 1px solid grey; padding: 5px; text-align: justify;">Dear Authors and Researchers,<br />We would like to inform you that the U.S. ISSN Center at the Library of Congress has confirmed that the correct ISSN number of the Journal <strong>Psychology and Education</strong> is ISSN 1553-6939. This ISSN is to be used instead of ISSN 0033-3077 which is the ISSN that belongs to the former title, “<strong>Psychology</strong>.” Each time a journal undergoes a major change of title a new ISSN is assigned. <strong>Psychology and Education</strong> also has been assigned a Linking ISSN (ISSN-L). The ISSN-L is available for use when there is a need to identify and link to a continuing resource without regard to format, for example in services such as OpenURL, library catalogues, search engines or knowledge bases. The next issue of <strong>Psychology and Education</strong> will be published with ISSN 1553-6969. But the previous ISSN will be also available in the ISSN Portal to retrieve the record for <strong>Psychology</strong> because it remains the identifier for the former title <strong>Psychology</strong> and the articles published under that title.</div> <div class="row"> <p style="text-align: justify;"> </p> <p style="text-align: justify;">Arts and Languages, Humanities, Social Sciences, Management and Economics, Law and Political Sciences, Sports Sciences, Psychology, Education Sciences, Biological and Medical Sciences, History, Philosophy, Media and Communication, Science and Technology, Engineering.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Psychology and Education</strong> <strong>(ISSN: 1553-6939)</strong> is a quality journal devoted to basic research, theory, and techniques and arts of practice in the general field of psychology and education. <strong>Psychology and Education</strong> is published bimonthly. There are numerous papers on important aspects of psychology and education which can find no place in the professional literature. This journal is dedicated to filling this void.<br />Preparation of manuscripts: In formal aspects, the manuscripts should follow closely the general directions given in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th Edition). EXCEPTIONS: All data in photographs, tables, drawings, figures and graphs must be simplified and stated in the RESULTS section of the paper. All papers must be formatted in MSWord, typed, Times New Roman font #12, double-spaced, with 1 inch margins, and submitted electronically or printed manuscript in original copy. Manuscripts must be accompanied by an abstract of about 70-100 words. The manuscript and abstract should conform to the American Psychological Association Manual Style, 6th Edition.<br />Given the present trends in the publishing industry and to reach the global audience without any restrictions, we have opted to move the journal from subscription-based to Gold open access.<br />A shift in this mode has certain benefits:</p> <ul> <li>Increased usage and citation</li> <li>Easy compliance with institutional and funder mandates</li> <li>Retention of copyright by authors</li> <li>Greater public engagement</li> <li>Faster impact</li> </ul> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Psychology and Education</strong>, the Editor, nor the Board of Editors (individually or collectively), assumes no responsibility for statements of fact or opinion in the papers printed. Authors are responsible for obtaining copyright permissions. Advertising rates supplied on request. Books for review should be sent to the Editor.<br />Articles in <strong>Psychology and Education</strong> are listed in PsycINFO, American Psychological Association (APA), Scopus, psychologyandeducation.net, and shared with other websites, and numerous gratis copies are mailed to the Library of Congress, EBSCO subscription services, and universities in developing countries overseas.</p> </div> Psychology and Education en-US Psychology and Education Journal 1553-6939 The sociology of religious values among homosexuals in Algeria http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/10131 <p>This article investigates the complex interrelations between religious values and the lived experiences of homosexual individuals<br>in Algeria, a society predominantly shaped by Islamic traditions. It presents a theoretical framework grounded in sociological and<br>religious studies, analyzing how Algerian homosexuals negotiate the reconciliation of their sexual orientation with their religious<br>beliefs. The research explores the societal and cultural factors that inform these individuals' understandings of faith, morality, and<br>identity. By employing diverse theoretical perspectives, the article seeks to illuminate the distinctive challenges faced by<br>homosexuals in Algeria as they navigate the often-contradictory demands of their religious and sexual identities. The results<br>contribute to a broader comprehension of religious sociology in the context of sexual minorities in conservative societies.</p> Nassima Boulahdour Zoubir Arous Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-05-02 2025-05-02 62 5 1 8 E-learning in the educational system http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/10132 <p>E-learning in our time is witnessing a huge development in information technologies that works for all educational institutions, public or<br>private, formal or informal. To achieve and implement it in a way that meets the needs of the labor market, it is known that the individual's<br>success in practical life is directly linked to academic life.<br>This study, entitled "E-learning in the educational system", aims to encourage the individual to participate in learning activities, which<br>increases the desire to follow it, unlike other methods that create an atmosphere of aversion. Through it, the learner acquires the skills of how to<br>learn; Which means lifelong learning and self-development, and on this basis the following problem emerges: What do we mean by e-learning?<br>What is its importance in the educational system?</p> Samia Ghechir Fatima Abderrahmane Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-05-02 2025-05-02 62 5 9 13 Bodies authorized to notify the Constitutional Court in Algeria http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/10133 <p>Notification is the process of reporting to the body charged with overseeing the<br>constitutionality of legal texts issued by various institutions in the state. Given the importance<br>of notification and its great role in the effectiveness of the constitutional body, whether it is a<br>constitutional council or a constitutional court, this is on the one hand. On the other hand, due<br>to the sensitivity and importance of the notified subject, the Algerian legislator always counts<br>in its amendments on balancing seriousness, giving great importance and ensuring great<br>effectiveness to the performance of the Constitutional Court regarding the control of the<br>constitutionality of laws, as well as giving a place to the Constitutional Court proper to it, and<br>working to expand the circle of notifiers to address all texts that can escape the control of the<br>Constitutional Court, which is considered the protector of the Constitution, and works to<br>ensure that all texts are equally issued by all authorities in the state, whether executive or<br>legislative .</p> bareche aissa Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-05-02 2025-05-02 62 5 14 23 STUDY THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PLANIFIED TRAINING LOAD AND THE ACCOMPLISHED TRAINING LOAD IN FOOTBALL DURING THE COMPETITION PERIOD http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/10135 <p>The The study aims at knowing the difference between the planified load training andaccomplished load training during competition period ,and that it is why we used the compareddescription method on a sample contains 32 players that was used by the intentional method and tocollect datas we used polar team 2 device, after having collected the datas and and statically treatedit we found that difference with stastical significance exists in football for the between of the <br>accomplished load training thus , the study urges the reliance of planning a training programaccording to the moder football requires and also using load quantification method and moderntechnology for quantifying load training.</p> Dr. BISKRI Abdelmalik, Dr. BISKRI Mustapha Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-05-03 2025-05-03 62 5 24 32 IMPACT DES PHASES DU CYCLE MENSTRUEL SUR LA PERFORMANCE DE FORCE ET D'ENDURANCE CHEZ LES BASKETTEUSES SENIORS http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/10136 <p>The aim of this research is to study the impact of the menstrual cycle on strength andendurance performance in senior female basketball players. Thirty-four senior basketball players,with an average age of 24.52 ± 1.96 years, participated and were tested on four occasions: at thebeginning of the follicular phase (BF), at the end of the follicular phase (EF), at the beginning of theluteal phase (BL), and at the end of the luteal phase (EL). For this purpose, we used theCounterMovement Jump (CMJ) test and the 30-15 IFT test. The results show that strength and enduranceperformance experienced changes during the different phases of the menstrual cycle, withimprovements particularly during the late follicular phase. The menstrual cycle appears to influenceathleticperformance, and therefore its consideration is necessary in training planning</p> Kahina CHABANE, Aissa SLIMANI Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-05-03 2025-05-03 62 5 33 41 ASPECTS OF THE ACTIVITY OF THE HISTORIC SIXTH WILAYA AND FRANCE'S REACTIONS TO IT (1956–1962) http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/10137 <p>In this research paper, I address aspects of the military activity during the Algerian revolution ofliberation in the historic sixth state after its establishment during the last Soummam conference in 1956, itfalls on a vast area in the desert that includes a geographical area from Qasr Al-Shalala in the north to the <br>Malian and Nigerian borders in the southeast of Algeria, in terms of its military organization during the lastfour years of the revolution and its most important roles, especially supplying</p> Dr. Ahmed Dokkar Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-05-03 2025-05-03 62 5 42 52 THE IDENTITY CRISIS OF ALGERIAN YOUTH, BETWEEN FACTORS OF STABILITY AND CHANGE http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/10138 <p>This research discusses, through a field study, the identity crisis of Algerian youth betweenthe factors that stabilize and support its collective and cultural specificity and social cohesion, andthe necessity of keeping up with the new Openness to other cultures, such as linguistic diversity,Keeping pace with changing consumer culture patterns</p> Dr. Dalila Ghelab, Dr. Mayada Khaoui Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-05-03 2025-05-03 62 5 53 70 THE EFFECT OF INTERNAL COMMUNICATION OF THE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION ON THE ACHIEVEMENT OF STUDENTS (A FIELD STUDY OF A SAMPLE OF STUDENTS OF HASSIBA BIN BOUALI LAGHOUAT MIDDLE SCHOOL) http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/10139 <p>Our goal through this study is to identify the role of internal communication in theeducational institution and measure the extent of its success in achieving its goals, especiallyacademic achievement, which is the required goal in all educational institutions, where thedescriptive analytical approach was relied upon and the design of a study tool (questionnaire) wasdistributed to an intentional sample of 42 respondents as a sample of students.</p> Dr. Samira Merah, Dr. Souad Messaouda Saighi Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-05-03 2025-05-03 62 5 70 81 THE DYNAMICS OF CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR IN MULTICULTURAL SPACES THROUGH THE THESES OF GEORGE LAKOFF AND MARK JOHNSON http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/10141 <p>This research paper explores the emergence of conceptual metaphors from theunderlying structures of human knowledge, ideas, and perception, emphasizing thecrucial role of culture in shaping these metaphors. It investigates the complexinterplay of conceptual metaphors within multicultural contexts, examining thecognitive and cultural mechanisms</p> Belkacem Tahri, Belkacem Boudenna, Taibe Boutra Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-05-03 2025-05-03 62 5 82 90 AESTHETIC DISTANCE AND THE READER’S HORIZON OF EXPECTATIONS http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/10143 <p>Broadly speaking, the temporal distance between two time periods creates an intermediaterelationship between the horizons of the text and the reader. Consequently, the work cannot remainconfined to its historical past, nor can it be entirely bound to our present. This synthesis or <br>reconciliation of the two time periods is justified by the reader's interpretive stance toward the text.Thus, the text appears more suited to a perspective that is grounded in the reader's contemporaryawareness, granting it a renewed vitality as its language adapts to the differing temporal contexts itencounters.</p> Dr. BOULAHYA SABRINA Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-05-03 2025-05-03 62 5 92 103 REVOLUTIONIZING THE HISTORICAL IMAGINATION IN THE NOVEL "HAYZIYYA" BY WASSINI AL-ARAJ http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/10144 <p>Revolutionizing the historical imaginary in the novel "Hayzia" constitutes a daring steptowards deconstructing the narrative discourse and reconstructing an alternative narrative that alignswith the novelistic imagination created by the author who seeks to shed light on popular oraltraditions and marginalized narrative accounts shaped by various social and historical forces.Altering the narrative is a both a complex and a profound process because the novelist intentionallychanges the course of events, character destinies, or the overall theme of the narrative moving fromsubtle modifications to complete reformulations. This process attempts to uncover deeper layers ofcharacters, events, and narrative trajectories, and to offer alternative narrative interpretations ofhistorical events.</p> Dr. Lakhdar Henni, Dr. Djadi Amar Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-05-03 2025-05-03 62 5 104 115 READING THEORY IN CONTEMPORARY ARAB CRITICAL DISCOURSE: BETWEEN PRACTICE AND THEORIZATION http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/10145 <p>Reading theory generally refers to a trend in literary criticism that focuses on the reader as a thirdparty in the creative process and a key to exploring the literary work's impact. This theory asserts that aliterary work derives its immortality not from the factors that influenced its creation nor from the systems <br>and relationships that govern it, but from its enduring ability to engage the reader, inspiring and stirring themas they interact with the text and bring their own interpretations to it over time.</p> Dr. Razika Taoutaou, Dr. Meriem Zaidi Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-05-03 2025-05-03 62 5 116 131 The Functional Transformation of the Algerian University: Toward a Systemic Model Responsive to Local and Global Challenges http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/10146 <p>The Algerian university is currently confronting a series of accelerating challenges thatnecessitate a move beyond its traditional roles, engaging instead in more comprehensive anddynamic functional trajectories. The transmission of knowledge and the pursuit of scientificresearch are no longer sufficient ends in themselves</p> Wafa SEBIHI Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-05-03 2025-05-03 62 5 132 150 The Problematic of Meaning Construction between the Narrative Text and the Dramatic Series http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/10147 <p>The sources of authorship in dramatic artistic works, whether cinematic or televised, are thecornerstone of their popular success. Such works rely primarily on two elements: thescreenplay and direction. Authorship is a creative process distinguished by each writer orproducer. Hence, literary texts—novels and stories—constitute a rich resource for artists and afertile ground for their creativity.</p> Amina ROBAI, Hadj Salem ATTIA Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-04-07 2025-04-07 62 5 151 162 Narrative Disclosure from the Perspective of Text Analysis and Computational Linguistics http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/10170 <p>In recent years, narrative disclosure has become an essential mechanism for organizations tocommunicate complex technological development tostakeholders in ways that extend beyondnumerical indicators. This research examines narrative disclosure through the lens of text analysisand computational linguistics, aiming to uncover the linguistic patterns, rhetorical strategies, andnarrative structures that shape the communication of technology-related information in corporatereports. <br>Drawing on a corpus of publicly available annual reports and voluntary technology-relateddisclosures, this study employs a mixed-method approach that integrates qualitative discourseanalysis with computational tools, including natural language processing (NLP), keyword frequencyanalysis, and syntacticpattern extraction. The study seeks to identify how companies linguisticallyframe digital transformation, cybersecurity risks, artificial intelligence adoption, and innovationstrategies in their narrative disclosures.</p> Dr. Djaafar Yayouche Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-05-09 2025-05-09 62 5 163 197 Oppositional Duality in the Text "Youcef and Zoulaikha" by Abdel Rahman Al-JAMI A Comparative Structural-Genetic Study http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/10171 <p>This study is based on a central hypothesis: that the text by the poet AbdelRahman Al JAMI is influenced by the story of Prophet Youcef (Joseph) as presented <br>in the Holy Qur’an.Since influence is tied to the creator’s understanding, perception, and application,uncovering the points of influence requires an abstraction of the creative work tomake its structure clear and traceable.</p> Dr. Manal Abdullah Al-Thaqafi Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-05-09 2025-05-09 62 5 198 218 The Identity from Unity to Dissimilation http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/10173 <p>Identity is a matter of dissimilation, and standing on a definitive judgment or opinion is not an easy task. For some, identity represents unity and stability within the multiplicity experienced by the self. The problem that arises when theorizing identity stems from the different perspectives involved. And the preliminary readings reveal that concept and principle of identity have undergone a semantic shift from the meaning of existence to the meaning of the (I), and then the meaning of the (being).</p> Mohamed Fawzi GUEMIDI , Nadia HAZZAB , Aida BELABED , Kamel Mohamed Abdelmajid FLIH , Charif Dine BENDOUBA Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-05-10 2025-05-10 62 5 219 227 The Saharawi Question on the UN agenda in the newspaper El Mundo http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/10176 <p>This article investigates the treatment of the Western Sahara conflict by the Spanishnewspaper El Mundo (1991 – 2003), with a specific focus on the role of the UnitedNations and its peace initiatives. Drawing on a quantitative and qualitative analysis ofpress articles, the study explores the newspaper’s treatment of important happeningssuch as the execution of the 1991 Settlement Plan and the initiatives directed by UN Special Emissary James Baker. The results expose variations in media attentiondepending on the evolution of the diplomatic process, underlining both the politicizationof the issue and the stance of El Mundo. The research helps to understand how theSpanish press and the influence of media discourse on public opinion of decolonizationprocesses presented international conflicts.</p> ALLEM MERYEM Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-05-05 2025-05-05 62 5 228 247 The Challenging Path to the African Veto: Between the Anarchy of the International Order and African Divisions http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/10177 <p>In addition to the injustices Africa suffered due to European colonialism, the continenthas faced significant inequities from the United Nations Security Council, where it hasbeen absent from its composition as it was a colony, despite being constantly affected by its decisions</p> Abdennour Mansouri Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-05-05 2025-05-05 62 5 248 264 A Descriptive Analytical Study of the Data of Archival Documents for Supply Stores for the Rear Bases of the Algerian Revolution 1958-1962 http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/10180 <p>This study deals with the development of logistical supply operations for the NationalLiberation Army after the establishment of the Provisional Government of the AlgerianRepublic, and the study also sheds light on the extent of the impact of the diplomacy of the leadership of the revolution on the level of high quantity of weapons and supplies in its stores</p> Badra GHEDJATI Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-05-11 2025-05-11 62 5 265 285 THE CONTRIBUTION OF DIGITAL TOURISM TO SHOWCASING ALGERIA’S TOURIST ASSETS -A FIELD STUDY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF UNIVERSITY YOUTH http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/10182 <p>This article explores the contribution of digital tourism media in highlighting Algeria’s richtourism assets, through a field study based on the opinions of university youth. It aims to clarify theeffectiveness of digital platforms—such as social media and tourism websites—in promoting tourist destinations and enhancing Algeria's image as a promising travel destination.</p> Dr. OKBA SAIDA Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-05-13 2025-05-13 62 5 286 298 Geopolitical Changes in the Arab Region and Their Impact on Regional Security http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/10186 <p>The Arab region has witnessed profound geopolitical changes since the beginningof the 21st century due to both internal and external factors such as the Arab <br>Spring, the rise of regional and international rivalries, and the shifting balance of power. These changes have directly impacted the stability and security of the Ara</p> Dr. Fatiha Tamzour Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-05-05 2025-05-05 62 5 299 313 Domestic Violence and Adolescent Delinquency http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/10187 <p>The desire to study the topic of "Domestic Violence and Adolescent Delinquency"arose in order to demonstrate that one of the most important causes and primarymotivations that drive adolescents to delinquency is domestic violence. Through thisstudy, we aim to understand the relationship between domestic violence anddelinquency in adolescents, to understand how domestic violence and delinquencyaffect adolescents, and to understand how domestic violence affects the inability to adapt</p> Allalgua Samira1, Nabila Zenidi Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-05-05 2025-05-05 62 5 314 331 Needs of National Defense and Vulnerability in the Context of the Information Revolution in Military Affairs http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/10190 <p>Abstract: <br>All national defense needs in the information revolution have become arguments formilitary governance regarding the possibility of resolving controversial strategicissues between great powers, as well as the importance of collective management ofproblems arising from vulnerability, so that the suspicion and fear that typically</p> Dr. SORAYA ZAOUCHI Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-05-08 2025-05-08 62 5 332 359 The Role of Social Responsibility in Enhancing the Image of Service Institutions: A Field Study at the Operational Directorate of Algérie Télécom, El Tarf Province http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/10191 <p>The present study investigates the role of social responsibility in enhancing the image of aservice-oriented institution, with a specific focus on Algérie Télécom in El Tarf Province.To accomplish this aim, the study employed the descriptive method to examine the significance of social responsibility and its impact on improving the corporate image ofservice organizations</p> Dr. Fatima Ghai, Dr. Fouad Mohamed Foudil Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-05-08 2025-05-08 62 5 360 390 "Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi and the Question of Quranic Purposefulness: A Study of the Objectives of Islamic Creed" http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/10192 <p>This study explores the methodological approach of the Islamic thinker AbulHasan Ali Nadwi (1914–1999) in deriving creedal objectives (maqāṣid al<br>ʿaqīda) from the Qur'an. It focuses on his reformist vision, which bridgestraditional scriptural interpretation with the contemporary realities of theMuslim world. Rather than viewing Islamic creed as a purely theoretical</p> Dr. Kheira Mhamedi Bouzina Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-05-08 2025-05-08 62 5 391 405 An Exploratory Study about the Level of Entrepreneurial Culture among Trainees at the National Specialized institute in vocational training in Lakhdaria http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/10193 <p>This study aims to identify the key concepts related toentrepreneurial thinking and the policies adopted by the university to promote and develop entrepreneurial thinking amongentrepreneurship students.</p> FASSOULI Amel, SEBAA Manal Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-05-08 2025-05-08 62 5 406 426 The Origins and Historical Development of Indebtedness http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/10194 <p>Everything has a beginning, and the origins of the indebtedness system and its historicaldevelopment began with the emergence of financial transactions concluded between human beings.</p> Mokeddem Mohamed, Taibi Nour El Houda Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-05-08 2025-05-08 62 5 427 437 The Penal Treatment of the Habitual Criminal http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/10195 <p>Legal punishment may fail to fulfill its social function, by reforming the individualand reintegrating him into society, because there is a missing link related to one of thefundamental concepts adopted by the social defense policy in various modern countries</p> Mohammed Elamine DJERIOU, Noureddine HAIRECH, Ouahiba RABAH Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-05-04 2025-05-04 62 5 438 446 FIRST PHILOSOPHY ACCORDING TO EMMANUEL LEVINAS THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHENOMENOLOGICAL AWARENESS TOWARDS THE OTHER http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/10199 <p>The aim of this article is to highlight the philosophical upheaval introduced by the thought ofEmmanuel Levinas, which gives a prominent place to ethics in relation to the other branches ofphilosophy. We will emphasise this ethical turn for phenomenology and ontology, wherephilosophy is transformed into ‘ethical reflection’, by attempting to awaken the critical problematicin Levinas's philosophy.</p> Boubaya Karim Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-05-19 2025-05-19 62 5 447 457 THE TREATMENT OF PRISONERS OF WAR BY ALGERIAN PRINCE ABDELKADER BETWEEN ISLAMIC LAW AND INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/10200 <p>The study addresses the treatment of prisoners of war according to both Emir Abdelkader,international humanitarian law, and the teachings of Islam. The study covers several key aspects related to the treatment of prisoners, including the respect for religious freedom of prisoners</p> Dr. Nessil Omar Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-05-19 2025-05-19 62 5 458 469 Cinematic Discourse Power in Revolutionary Film: Conceptual, Theoretical, and Computational Perspectives http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/10201 <p>This article provides a critical-pragmatic analysis of the power of cinematic discourse inrevolutionary film, examining how film constructs, transmits, and negotiates symbolic authority</p> Dr. Senoucia Bahafid Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-05-19 2025-05-19 62 5 470 489