Psychology and Education Journal http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae <h2><strong>PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (ISSN: 1553-6939)<br /></strong></h2> <div class="row" style="border: 1px solid grey; padding: 5px; text-align: justify;">Dear Authors and Researchers,<br />We would like to inform you that the U.S. ISSN Center at the Library of Congress has confirmed that the correct ISSN number of the Journal <strong>Psychology and Education</strong> is ISSN 1553-6939. This ISSN is to be used instead of ISSN 0033-3077 which is the ISSN that belongs to the former title, “<strong>Psychology</strong>.” Each time a journal undergoes a major change of title a new ISSN is assigned. <strong>Psychology and Education</strong> also has been assigned a Linking ISSN (ISSN-L). The ISSN-L is available for use when there is a need to identify and link to a continuing resource without regard to format, for example in services such as OpenURL, library catalogues, search engines or knowledge bases. The next issue of <strong>Psychology and Education</strong> will be published with ISSN 1553-6969. But the previous ISSN will be also available in the ISSN Portal to retrieve the record for <strong>Psychology</strong> because it remains the identifier for the former title <strong>Psychology</strong> and the articles published under that title.</div> <div class="row"> <p style="text-align: justify;"> </p> <p style="text-align: justify;">Arts and Languages, Humanities, Social Sciences, Management and Economics, Law and Political Sciences, Sports Sciences, Psychology, Education Sciences, Biological and Medical Sciences, History, Philosophy, Media and Communication, Science and Technology, Engineering.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Psychology and Education</strong> <strong>(ISSN: 1553-6939)</strong> is a quality journal devoted to basic research, theory, and techniques and arts of practice in the general field of psychology and education. <strong>Psychology and Education</strong> is published bimonthly. There are numerous papers on important aspects of psychology and education which can find no place in the professional literature. This journal is dedicated to filling this void.<br />Preparation of manuscripts: In formal aspects, the manuscripts should follow closely the general directions given in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th Edition). EXCEPTIONS: All data in photographs, tables, drawings, figures and graphs must be simplified and stated in the RESULTS section of the paper. All papers must be formatted in MSWord, typed, Times New Roman font #12, double-spaced, with 1 inch margins, and submitted electronically or printed manuscript in original copy. Manuscripts must be accompanied by an abstract of about 70-100 words. The manuscript and abstract should conform to the American Psychological Association Manual Style, 6th Edition.<br />Given the present trends in the publishing industry and to reach the global audience without any restrictions, we have opted to move the journal from subscription-based to Gold open access.<br />A shift in this mode has certain benefits:</p> <ul> <li>Increased usage and citation</li> <li>Easy compliance with institutional and funder mandates</li> <li>Retention of copyright by authors</li> <li>Greater public engagement</li> <li>Faster impact</li> </ul> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Psychology and Education</strong>, the Editor, nor the Board of Editors (individually or collectively), assumes no responsibility for statements of fact or opinion in the papers printed. Authors are responsible for obtaining copyright permissions. Advertising rates supplied on request. Books for review should be sent to the Editor.<br />Articles in <strong>Psychology and Education</strong> are listed in PsycINFO, American Psychological Association (APA), Scopus, psychologyandeducation.net, and shared with other websites, and numerous gratis copies are mailed to the Library of Congress, EBSCO subscription services, and universities in developing countries overseas.</p> </div> en-US Wed, 05 Feb 2025 04:54:30 +0000 OJS 3.2.1.3 http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss 60 Visual Graphics in Contemporary Arabic Graffiti Its Semiotic Manifestations and Sociological Dimensions http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9918 <p>Graffiti is a global cultural phenomenon that reflects a wide range of ideas and feelings, and heds light on the social, political and cultural characteristics of the societies in which it appears.Graffiti in the contemporary Arab world is one of the most prominent cultural phenomena that reflect social and political changes. These writings are of particular importance, as they are a means of self-expression, a space for interaction with reality, and a lever for achieving change. These <br>writings also include a set of symbols and connotations that express the concerns and aspirations of society, making them a rich subject for semiotic and sociological study.</p> Dr. Naas Saidani Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9918 Tue, 04 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Understanding the Role of School Life Assistants for Autistic Students: A Study of Practical Challenges http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9919 <p>The aim of this study is to discover the various deficiencies and challenges faced by school based lifelong companions to autistic children at school. The current study was based on the prescriptive approach of the Barlson -style content analysis and using the interview guide of researchers.</p> Dr. Hamza Behir, Dr. Siham Bouray Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9919 Tue, 04 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 The Possibility of the Event in Algerian Folk Literature - A Semiotic Study- http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9920 <p>Place holds great significance in folk and artistic literary creativity, as it uniquely evokes a sense of belonging and an awareness of time, making it an <br>essential entity without which nothing occurs. It has played a crucial role in Palestinian poetry, where it became a poetic concern and anxiety stemming from <br>the feeling of loss and the attempt to reclaim it. The sense of place intensifies when it is lost or displaced, and this feeling becomes even more pronounced <br>when the displaced individual is a creative writer living in exile. Exile implies a rupture from physical existence in the homeland while simultaneously extending <br>its presence internally.</p> Dr. Nail sefienne, Hachelafi Lakhdar Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9920 Tue, 04 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 The eloquence of audio proportion in the Quranic phrase; A approach in the form of (Rahman Al -Rahim) from Surah Fussilat http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9921 <p>This research deals with part of the manifestations of sound richness and the signature beauty of the Holy Qur’an, by analyzing the phrase (Rahman Al -Rahim) in Surat (separated). This frequent formula consisting of two words is one of the most roses of Majesty in the Qur’an. Where the researcher studied what dominates in this phrase from the voices (letters) and videos (movements) single and complex, looking at the way they were composed physically, a bit and a bunch, depending on the stylistic approach, based on the mechanisms of description, analysis and statistics, so he extracted what contained aesthetic values, and the dimensions of dimensions</p> Dr. AbdelHakem Belhia Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9921 Tue, 04 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 The Poetics of Place Between Alphonse de Lamartine's Poem "The Lake" and Ali Mahmoud Taha's Translation http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9922 <p>Translation, with all its theories, is considered a form of human communication and an effective medium that contributes to the transfer of the literature, cultures, and sciences of nations.Over a short period of time, it has witnessed great development, as theories have been developed for it and terms have been created for it.</p> Mohamed Hallouche, Nadjoua Boukadoum Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9922 Tue, 04 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Reconsidering Language Testing in English Language Classrooms http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9923 <p>Teaching a foreign language such as English requires more attention and involvement on the part of both teachers and learners; nonetheless, there are some important matters that affect English language teaching such as language testing. In fact, language testing which is part of language assessment (McNamara, 2004) has been less focused on and less given importance. This is due, in the main, to the lack of awareness of its importance in teaching in general and English language teaching in particular.</p> PhD. Malika Kouti Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9923 Tue, 04 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 The Emergence And Theories Of Human Languages: The Journey Of Searching For The Origin Of Speech http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9924 <p>The genesis of human languages is one of the most controversial and contemplative questions in the humanities. From early times, man sought to explain how language emerged as a means of communicating and expressing thoughts and feelings. Language is also a hallmark of the human race, combining innovation and flexibility, which we do not find in others, making it an essential tool for building civilizations and transmitting knowledge across generations.</p> Dr. Chouaib ZIAD Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9924 Tue, 04 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 The Impact of Social Media on the Arabic Language Amid Linguistic Pollution http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9925 <p>The Arabic language faces significant challenges in this era, particularly as the world witnesses numerous advancements in various fields of life, especially in information and communication technology, including computers and mobile phones. These technologies have contributed to diversifying and facilitating communication methods, as well as accessing, storing,and retrieving information.</p> Dr. Zahra Tahar Djebbar Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9925 Tue, 04 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Large Assimilation in the Reading of As-Sūsi: A Linguistic Feature and Identity Marker http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9926 <p>The science of Quranic readings (Qira'at) is considered the pinnacle of Islamic sciences due to its direct connection to the Holy Quran, serving as an original source for linguistic studies. The Quran has preserved the performance and pronunciation of the Arabic language, maintaining its phonemes, lexical materials, morphological structures, and syntactic constructions. Moreover, it has bestowed upon the Arabic language an eternal status, transforming it into a global language of civilization and knowledge, transcending its earlier role as a language of art and literature.</p> Taiebi Ahmed Faiza Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9926 Tue, 04 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Stylistics of Arabic Poetic ego – zuhdiyat Abi Al-atahia- as a model http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9927 <p>It is self- evident that is a word that combines in its meanings everything that prints the languge that makes up the spoken or written spoken or written linguistic tissue. Through which,judgments can be issued on various literary works in terms of their literary quality and their belonging to the literary work that carries dreamy elements and aesthetic artistic details basically working to ensure pleasure and intellectual excitement for the reader</p> Dr. Zohra Cherabi, Dr. Mohamed Belmekki Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9927 Tue, 04 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Commitment in the Writings of Zhor Ounissi http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9928 <p>The concept of commitment has emerged in the Arab literary scene, particularly in the context of engaged literature as envisioned by Sartre. The Arab intellectual landscape witnessed extensive debates, especially in the second half of the twentieth century, often taking on ideological dimensions due to the rise of diverse intellectual currents with various origins and orientations.</p> Dr. Kadri Houria Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9928 Tue, 04 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Pratiques rédactionnelles 2.0 http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9929 <p>The evolution of communication and information tools has profoundly transformed the teaching and learning landscape. As G. Perec points out, “Artificial intelligence makes it possible to support and improve the age-old effort of analysis and synthesis of data or knowledge, deeply shaping intellectual habits of thinking/classifying” In this context, education has been able to adapt to better meet specific objectives, in particular by helping learners of French as a foreign language (FLE) to develop their written and oral skills.</p> Benotmane Achraf Samia Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9929 Tue, 04 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Intangible cultural heritage: A socio - anthropological approach "El Tarf area as a model" http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9930 <p>This article is part of socio-anthropological research. It is a field of research that allows researchers in popular culture to approach aspects of daily local life, know its manifestations and elements, determine how they interact with each other in reality, and monitor the sociological models that result from that interaction that cannot be understood except with the help of anthropological knowledge. Meaning that this article will begin its study of the Intangible cultural heritage in the Al -Taref region of Algeria from prominent sociological elements on the surface of the daily life of society, but whose roots lie deep in the deep depth of the human culture of the region, which makes the issue of approaching it and providing explanations for it require the use of anthropology as the science of human.</p> Dr. MOULDI BECHINIA Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9930 Tue, 04 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Narrativizing Cultural Identity in Contemporary Arabic Novels Ibrahim al-Koni and the "Centralization" of the "Marginalized" Desert Space http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9931 <p>Contemporary Arabic novels seek to narrativize the cultural identity of the Arab-Islamic nation, aiming to elevate it from the margins unjustly imposed by Western centralism to its rightful position. This cultural identity is characterized by noble human values and intersections with various cultures, intellectual trends, and humanistic orientations.</p> Dr. Hamdani Abdelrahman Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9931 Tue, 04 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 "The Foundations of Identity and Belonging in Light of Algerian Bedouin Singing" http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9932 <p>The article addresses the representations of the components of national identity and their psychological, social, political, cultural, and civilizational dimensions as reflected in Algerian Bedouin songs. These songs serve as an authentic medium that embodies the culture and civilization of the community, providing a spontaneous means of expressing itself freely, sincerely,and without constraints. They represent a genuine and instinctive expression of the nation's dreams, <br>aspirations, misery, and struggles, serving as a shadow accompanying it through time, regardless of changing circumstances and places. As the saying goes, "He who has no heritage has no homeland, and he who has no homeland has no life." This essence is vividly reflected in Algeria's traditional Bedouin songs across various stages, contributing to the consolidation of national belonging and the reinforcement of the constants of national identity.</p> Dr. Zaoui Mohammed Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9932 Tue, 04 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 The Role of Civil Liability in Redressing Environmental Pollution Damage http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9937 <p>Liability in the environmental field holds significant importance, having undergone substantial development and taken various forms at both the national and international levels. This evolution is a result of the escalating environmental damages, which have assumed new forms previously unknown. Accordingly, this study sheds light on the legal framework governing civil liability for environmental damages and the associated sanctions aimed at redressing and compensating such damages.</p> Khelifa Boudaoud , Bouziane Said Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9937 Thu, 06 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Secondary School Students' Perspectives on Gender Equality: An Attempt Towards Breaking Traditional Barriers http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9938 <p>Indian society's dome was built with women as its cornerstones. In the Rig Vedic era, women enjoyed high social rank. Women were properly educated in the <br>early Vedic era, claim Katyyana and Patanjali. Women had excellent opportunities to raise their own intellectual and spiritual standards. Women enjoyed having the freedom to select their partners, girls could go to school, and widow remarriage was popular (Swayamvara).</p> Sowmya. N. S & Dr. G. Sheela Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9938 Mon, 03 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Indicators of Resilience among Raped Woman A Clinical Study based on Thematic-Apperception-Test TAT http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9939 <p>Indecent assault is one of the most severe crimes that a woman may experience in her life as it represents a strong trauma to her psychological system, especially since honor is one of the most important components of the customs and the traditions of our Algerian society.In this article, we will examine the indicators of resilience among raped women in a clinical study that contributes to understand her internal psychological aspects by giving an overview <br>of psychological resilience, psychological trauma, rape and psychological functioning.We support the theoretical aspect with a clinical field study of a raped woman who was able to overcome her trauma, we will try through this study to know the indicators of resilience through her Psychological functioning shown by her projective production in the Thematic perception-Test TAT.</p> Fouzia BOUSSADIA, Hanane TALEB Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9939 Mon, 10 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 The Overseas Archives in France and Their Importance in Writing Modern and Contemporary Algerian History http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9941 <p>The archive is the primary source for knowing the historical truth, and for this reason it has received the attention of countries that have collected and <br>preserved archives in official centres.The Algerian state has taken care of the archives, collecting and has established several institutions to ensure this <br>Given the importance of the archives f the period of the French presence in Algeria, which plays a major role in writing the history of Algeria in a scientific <br>and objective way and preserving the Algerian national memory</p> Hachemi Kaoutar Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9941 Tue, 11 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 The Impact of Arabic Language Institutes in Attracting Tourists to Turkey http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9942 <p>This study analyzes the role of Arabic language institutes in enhancing Turkey’s tourism sector, with updated data from 2010 to 2024. Using a mixed-methods <br>approach (quantitative and qualitative), we identified a 93.7% positive correlation between Arabic language education programs and tourist inflows. The <br>study also explores the impact of digital transformation in language learning, Turkey’s geopolitical positioning as a cultural bridge between Europe and the Arab world, and the contribution of educational tourism to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The findings emphasize the necessity of integrating language tourism into national sustainable development strategies.</p> Dr. Fatiha Abbas, Dr. Ghalya Abbas Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9942 Tue, 11 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Student public representations on public sector employment http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9943 <p>The researcher conducted his study on public representations of work in the public sector starting from the following question: What is the nature of <br>students' public representations of work in the public sector? While students' public representations of work in the public sector revolve around a set of <br>vocabulary that carries economic semantic meanings, based on a psycho-social basis. representations and mixture between what is abstract and what is concrete. <br>It carries a negative semantic meaning .</p> Farouk Nouasria, Larkem Azzedine Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9943 Tue, 11 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 The Economic Benefits of Endowment (Waqf) http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9944 <p>The endowment (Wakf) is one of the key factors to achieve economic development and higher level of incomes for the benefits of the society, if it is invested appropriately. Muslims were the pioneers to promote this important field, during successive eras of their history. The Islamic civilization integrated the endowment (Wakf) as part of economic system to meet the needs of the Islamic community. The present research explores the benefits of investing and managing the endowment to reach the economic development.</p> Bounoua Abdelkader Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9944 Tue, 11 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Crime of misuse of bank funds http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9949 <p>The intervention of the criminal legislator in the field of banking operations has become an urgent necessity to deter all unlawful practices by bank managers,<br>particularly those that harm bank funds. In this regard, the Algerian legislation has defined the crime of misuse of bank funds in order to protect the financial<br>integrity of the institution from any abuse by the management. It punishes any manager who exploits bank funds for personal gain.</p> Fatima Zohra Sennour Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9949 Wed, 05 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 The effectiveness of the effort perception method in the quantification and management of training load in football (u19 ( http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9950 <p>The study aims at the effectiveness of the method of realizing effort in estimating and managing the burden of training in football (under 19). The researcher relied on the experimental approach in order to suit it with the nature of the research. n = 8) ablebodied footballers with the Cooper test (we took players with the same VO2 maximal values) using equipment (balance equipment, whistle scale, scale, heart rate monitor). Heart rate monitor The results showed that there is a significant correlation between heart rate and perception of effort during a medium training session for a period of 4 weeks in soccer practice.</p> Zeghib Mohamed Tahar , Malek Adel Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9950 Sat, 15 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 The Effectiveness of a Therapeutic Program Based on the Combination of the Audiovisual Training Device AVE and the Multi-Sensory Technique VAKT in Treating Dyslexia in Students. http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9951 <p>The current study aimed to find out the effectiveness of pairing between the audiovisual training device AVE and the multi-sensory technique VAKT in treating dyslexia among students. The study sample consisted of 10 cases of dyslexia. To achieve this goal, we followed the semi-experimental approach with a single-group design and applied preand post-tests using the Fathi Al-Zayat battery after the students had experienced the therapeutic sessions for the program. We also used the "T" test and the Eta squared coefficient. The results indicated the presence of statistically significant differences between the average scores of the students in the pre-test and post-test of the Fathi AlZayat battery at a significance level of 0.05.</p> Salah Eddine Soualhi , Rahma Dekkiche Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9951 Sat, 15 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Parental Accompaniment and Its Role in the Efficacy of an ABA Therapy Program for Autism http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9952 <p>This study aims to explores the role of parental involvement in enhancing the effectiveness of the Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) therapy program for children with autism. The central research question posed was: Does parental involvement significantly impact the success of the ABA therapy program? Utilizing a clinical approach, the research was conducted with two case studies at a specialized center for autism and psychological disorders. Data collection methods included semi-structured interviews with both parents and the psychologist overseeing the cases, detailed assessments of the outcomes from the ABA program, and clinical observations.</p> Dr. SAFA Amina Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9952 Sat, 15 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 The Semantic Potential between the Rigidity of Grammar and the Openness of the Pragmatic Horizon: A Reading of a Qur'anic Model http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9953 <p>Grammar represents the legal framework of language, through which individual words acquire meaning within the permissible combinations and patterns it governs. Any violation of these rules leads to a disintegration of the structure, followed by a rupture at the core of meaning. However, this does not imply<br>an absolute determinism of structure over meaning, nor does it suggest the complete subordination of meaning to structure. Many meanings in discourse emerge contrary to grammatical laws, driven by the circumstances of communication and the general context.</p> Dr. Nouari Saoudi Abouzaid Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 http://psychologyandeducation.net/pae/index.php/pae/article/view/9953 Sat, 15 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000