Ibn Khaldūn and the theory of evolution

Abstract

The theory of evolution appeared in the mid-nineteenth century after Darwin published his book "the Origin of Species", which included an explanation for the origin and diversity of creatures, based on some biological principles, such as the common origin of species, organic differentiation, the contribution of the environment, and then the inheritance of acquired characteristics. Despite the existence of efforts prior to Darwin's work that paved the way for the
theory, including Islamic works such as what Ibn Khaldūn mentioned in his introduction (Muqaddimah).